To vote in upcoming elections, citizens must be 18 years old and registered through the Orange County Registrar's office, 30 days prior to the scheduled election. The registrar's office is located on the second floor of the Sedwick Building on Madison Road, in the town of Orange, Virginia. Citizens vote for constitutional officers that include commissioner of revenue, treasurer, commonwealth's attorney, clerk of the court, and sheriff.

The majority of Orange County resides in the 30th District of the Virginia General Assembly, a small section on the western edge reside in the 58th District. Orange County is in the 17th District of the State's Senate and the 7th Congressional District in the U.S. House of Representatives.